Textbook in PDF format Full of fascinating facts about numbers and how they are used, 30-Second Numbers demystifies the world of counting, measuring, ordering, calculating and many other applications of numbers. We know that we use numbers pretty often, some of us confidently, others reluctantly. But are you aware of just how essential they are to almost every decision we make? Counting and measuring when we’re shopping, travelling, studying or playing are just the beginning; the applications of numbers are endless, from assessing variables and analysing data to the calculations and predictions of advanced artificial intelligence. 30-Second Numbers explores number categories, the science of measuring, how guesstimates work, and the visualisation of numbers, taking you behind the digits into the world of statistics, probability, risk and ratios. Numbers are our way of imposing order on the world, and each of the 50 topics here uses just 300 words and one picture to give you a sense of control, helping you to understand trends in statistical data, how algorithms are used and the methods involved in machine learning. Numbers need never be daunting again. In addition, each section contains a profile of a famous mathematician whose work has greatly contributed to how we understand numbers today, from Fibonacci to Pierre de Fermat. With this book, numbers need never be daunting again. The 30 Second series is a handy collection of quick guides which explain the key aspects of core subjects, from numbers to literature to art to Ancient China to biology, and lots more! These titles use only 300 words to explore each section within a topic, making them quick and digestible for those looking to learn a lot, fast! Introduction Fundamental Numbers Glossary Real Numbers Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Prime Numbers Complex Numbers Discrete Numbers Continuous Numbers Zero & Negative Numbers Powers & Roots Profile: Gerolamo Cardano Statistical Distributions Glossary Statistics Population & Samples Sampling Independent & Dependent Variables Statistical Distributions Normal Distribution Profile: Abraham de Moivre Random Variables Statistical Tests Glossary Statistical Tests Mean Standard Deviation Measurement Error P-Values Profile: Egon Pearson Confidence Interval Bootstrapping Standard Error Linear Regression & Correlation Probability and Risk Glossary Probability Profile: Pierre de Fermat Prediction Hypothesis Testing Bayesian Probability Profile: Thomas Bayes Conditional Probability Likelihood Ratios Absolute Risk Relative Risk Numerical Bias Using Numbers Glossary Numerical Bases Logarithms Percentages Fractions Algorithms False Positives & False Negatives Permutations & Combinations Profile: Fibonacci Visualizing Numbers Glossary Big Data Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Data Visualization Using Shape & Colour Comparing Numbers Trends Profile: Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley Ranges Quartiles Appendices Further Resources Notes on Contributors Index Acknowledgements