Textbook in PDF format This second, fully revised edition retains the familiar structure with the addition of more detailed descriptions and improved illustrations throughout the chapters. Most chapters now offer example calculations and exercises to grasp the fundamentals effortlessly. Delve deeper into the Anatomy & Binocular Vision chapter, which has been extended and enriched with illustrations of the exterior eye, visual pathways, and pupil reflexes with references to some pathologies in greater detail, enhancing your understanding of these crucial topics. All chapters have been expanded to provide previously limited explanations to fill in any gaps in knowledge. The Useful Numbers & Equation chapter has been further developed to include some key numbers and interesting facts about the eye and visual system and essential content on statistics, including normal distribution, standard deviation, confidence intervals, and median