Textbook in PDF format Molecular biology is providing new insights into the nature of genes and proteins and the relationship between them, whereas time-honored biochemical and physiological approaches can show how disease affects function at the level of cells, tissues, organs and individuals. Molecular biology can be defined broadly as the application of molecular approaches (at the level of DNA and RNA) to understand protein function and regulation in normal and abnormal cellular responses. The application of principles of molecular biology to treat disease or modify organisms for commercial purposes is generally referred to as genetic engineering. Advances in the fields of molecular biology and genetic engineering are beginning to directly impact clinicians in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Therefore, an understanding of molecular biology is rapidly becoming necessary to fully understand normal physiology and pathophysiology. DNA can now be isolated, purified, amplified, and sequenced routinely and easily. With these advances, clinicians may soon be able to identify patients preoperatively with specific genetic diseases such as malignant hyperthermia and Alzheimer’s disease, or quickly identify a specific virus or bacteria in the intensive care unit. The book focuses on the latest advances and innovations in methods for molecular biology and biotechnology investigation such as DNA cloning, cut and paste DNA, bacterial transformation, transfection, chromosome integration, cellular screening, cellular culture, extraction of DNA, DNA polymerase DNA dependent, reading and writingDNA, DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis, molecular hybridization ,and rewriting DNA. The field of molecular biology has a profound impact in life science investigation. Major advances in molecular biology over the last four decades have stimulated research and progress in almost all the disciplines of life science. This has changed the rationale and approach of scientific experimentations allowing revolutionizing discoveries not only in molecular biology but also in biochemistry, biophysics, biotechnology, cell biology, and genetics. One major example is the innovation in high-throughput biology, next generation sequencing and recombinant DNA technology, which made possible to unveil the high complexity of the genome and elucidate the precise mechanisms for the transmission of the genetic information. This book will be of interest to undergraduates and beginning graduate students to the techniques of recombinant DNA technology, or gene cloning and expression