Textbook in PDF format Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the dominant technology used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary power stations, there is concern about the long-term availability and sustainability of lithium to meet demand. Sodium batteries (SBs) are seen a viable alternative, as sodium is abundant, and because the battery components and electrical chemistry of SBs and LIBs are similar, SBs are poised to take advantage of the existing infrastructure and mature manufacturing technologies of LIBs and can serve as a drop-in technology. This book provides an in-depth overview of fundamentals, advanced materials, characterization, functional mechanisms, technologies, and applications of SBs. It introduces a wide range of SBs and discusses how to improve their performance and extend their lifecycle for commercial use. Organic Sodium-Ion Batteries Aqueous Na-Ion Batteries High-Temperature Molten Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Low-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Battery All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries Sodium-Ion Capacitors Advanced Characterization Techniques (In-Situ/Ex-Situ) and Theoretical Calculations for Sodium Batteries